S. Mardanikorani, X. Deng, and J.-P. M. G. Linnartz, “Optimization and Comparison of M-PAM and Optical OFDM Modulation for Optical Wireless Communication”, IEEE Open Journal of the Communication Society, 2020
Abstract: Illumination LEDs, but also infrared LEDs have limited bandwidth. To achieve high through-put, one needs to modulate the LED significantly above its 3 dB bandwidth. Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) is a popular modulation technique to cope with the frequency selectivity of theLED channel. In this article, we challenge whether its large Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) andresulting large DC bias are justified. We compare systems using the same power and derive how PAM andOFDM variants reach their optimum throughput at different bandwidths and differently shaped spectraldensities, thus at very different Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) profiles but nonetheless the same transmitpower.When corrected for the path loss and normalized to the noise power in the 3 dB bandwidth of theLED, we call this the Normalized Power Budget (NPB). OFDM can exploit the low-pass LED responseusing a waterfilling approach. This is attractive if the NPB exceeds 60 dB. OFDM will then have to spreadits signal over more than ten times the LED bandwidth and requires a DC bias of more than 4 times therms modulation depth. Second-order distortion and LED droop may then become a limitation, if not com-pensated. At lower power (NPB between 30 and 60 dB), DCO-OFDM outperforms PAM, provided thatit significantly reduces its bias and only if it uses an appropriate adaptive bit and power loading. Withoutadaptive bit loading, thus using a frequency–constant modulation order, for instance made feasible by apre-emphasis, OFDM always shows lower performance than PAM; about 2.5 dB at a NPB around 60 dB.Below 30 dB of NPB, even waterfilling cannot outweigh the need for a larger bias in OFDM, and PAMshould be preferred. We argue that a mobile system that has to operate seamlessly in wide coverage andshort–range high–throughput regimes, needs to adapt not only its bandwidth and its bit–loading profile,but also its DCO-OFDM modulation depth, and preferably falls back from OFDM to PAM
